Umpires and appraisers ought to all the time carry errors and omissions protection. This lesson is clear from a current opinion in First Protecting Insurance coverage Firm v. O’Leary, 1 which affirmed the district court docket’s denial of arbitral immunity for an appraisal umpire. This holding has broad implications for the scope of protections afforded to professionals who serve within the appraisal course of below property insurance coverage contracts, notably in North Carolina.
As readers of this weblog might recall, I beforehand mentioned whether or not umpires are immune from swimsuit and whether or not the appraisal course of in North Carolina qualifies as arbitration below the regulation in “Does an Umpire Have Immunity From Swimsuit? Is an Appraisal an Arbitration in North Carolina?” and “Are Umpires in an Insurance coverage Appraisal Immune from Being Sued?”
On the coronary heart of the appellate resolution was whether or not Lewis O’Leary, who served because the umpire in a disputed residential water harm declare, was entitled to immunity below North Carolina’s Revised Uniform Arbitration Act. O’Leary had argued that the immunity usually prolonged to arbitrators ought to apply equally to umpires like himself, particularly the place their perform mirrors that of an arbitrator and resolving disputes between events and authoritatively figuring out rights. O’Leary maintained that by adjudicating the quantity of loss below the coverage, he was fulfilling the identical quasi-judicial perform as an arbitrator.
The court docket was not persuaded. In an in depth opinion, the bulk concluded that North Carolina regulation attracts a transparent line between arbitration and appraisal. Appraisal, they defined, shouldn’t be an alternative to litigation and doesn’t contain binding determinations of authorized rights or protection. Fairly, it’s a contractual mechanism designed solely to find out the quantity of loss.
The court docket emphasised that the coverage itself acknowledged the appraisal couldn’t be used to find out protection or causation, and that First Protecting retained the suitable to disclaim the declare even after an appraisal award was issued. That crucial distinction meant that O’Leary was not working inside the scope of an arbitration settlement and, subsequently, was not entitled to statutory arbitral immunity.
The court docket additionally addressed O’Leary’s reliance on the performance take a look at. It discovered that whereas prior case regulation might have provided help for such an argument in pre-NCRUAA instances, the legislature’s codification of arbitral immunity now controls, and that statute is expressly restricted to arbitrators appearing pursuant to an settlement to arbitrate. The opinion rejected the concept O’Leary’s function as an umpire, though related in nature to an arbitrator’s, might qualify him for immunity. Notably, the court docket additionally dominated that O’Leary had not sufficiently preserved his performance take a look at argument within the decrease court docket, having solely cited the doctrine briefly and with out growth.
Along with denying immunity, the court docket upheld the district court docket’s orders permitting discovery from O’Leary and denying his request for lawyer’s charges. It famous that the coverage’s appraisal clause didn’t remodel the continuing into a proper arbitration. The extra procedural protections within the arbitration statute, together with discovery restrictions and necessary fee-shifting, didn’t apply.
This resolution is a lesson for anybody concerned in property insurance coverage value determinations in North Carolina and presumably in different jurisdictions ruled by related arbitration acts. An appraisal shouldn’t be arbitration in most states. The labels and the construction of the coverage matter. The court docket refused to blur the statutory line between these two dispute decision mechanisms, and by doing so, left appraisers and umpires with out the protecting defend of arbitral immunity.
For professionals serving in these roles as umpires and appraisers, this ruling raises the stakes. It opens the door for litigation in opposition to them within the occasion of perceived bias, conflicts of curiosity, or procedural considerations throughout the appraisal course of. This is the reason I urge these accepting such positions to hold errors and omissions insurance coverage protection.
Whereas the holding is particular to the info and regulation of North Carolina, it contributes to a rising nationwide dialog in regards to the authorized standing of insurance coverage value determinations and the legal responsibility publicity of those that take part in them. Those that function umpires or appraisers within the insurance coverage appraisal course of in North Carolina stay weak to swimsuit and discovery.
Thought For The Day
“In my thoughts, I’m gone to Carolina. Can’t you see the sunshine, can’t you simply really feel the moon shining?”
—James Taylor
1 First Protecting Ins. Co. v. O’Leary, No. 23-2160, 2025 WL 1936566 (4th Cir. July 15, 2025). (See additionally, O’Leary appellate transient, and First Protecting appellate transient).
